参考译文：

“自由的新生”指引着葛斯底堡战役的新博物馆

本周，我们去参观位于宾夕法尼亚州的葛斯底堡，这座位于美国东北部的小镇在美国的历史上占据重要的位置。

葛斯底堡镇周边地区绝大部分的景象仍然如同十九世纪六十年代，即美国内战时的景象。我们来到这个农村的中部，这里四周都是小麦、玉米和其他农作物，在一个暖和明亮的早晨，母牛正啃吃着青草，穿镇而过的道路通向巴尔的摩、华盛顿和其他城市。但在145年前的这一周，这些道路却用作别的目的，这些道路把南北双方的军队带到了葛斯底堡。

有一支是来自波托马可河的北方联邦军队，其指挥官是乔治.戈登.密德将军，另一支是来自北维吉尼亚的南方邦联军队，其指挥官是罗伯特.李将军。李和他的军队从维吉尼亚向北推进到宾夕法尼亚，在那，他们赢得了一系列的胜利，现在，他们正准备击败密德的军队。李将军认为南方军队在北方的领土上取得胜利将迫使北方同意举行解决战争的谈判，这也就意味着南方各州所形成的邦联能够独立，这些形成邦联的南方各州试图脱离合众国。

葛斯底堡战役从1863年7月1日开始，在为期三天的战斗中共有17万士兵投入战斗，这是北美迄今以来所发生的最大规模的战役。当在7月3日此战役结束时，有5 万多士兵伤亡或失踪，许多伤兵后来医治无效也死了。最后，李将军的军队失败了。此后，美国内战又持续了两年多时间，但邦联独立的希望再也没有葛斯底堡战役前那样高涨了。

在这场大战役后不久，人们开始来到葛斯底堡，试图了解这里到底发生了些什么。在这些来访者中，有一位是亚伯拉罕.林肯总统，他于1863年11月19日来到葛斯底堡，他应邀出席公墓的揭幕典礼，这座公墓为纪念在此战役中阵亡的将士而设立的。林肯只发表了两分钟演说，他的演说是这样开始的：“87年前，我们的父辈在这片土地上建立起一个新的国家，它是在自由中诞生的，它献身于一个宗旨，那就是所有的人都是生而平等的。”

林肯从来就没有对当时美国的真实生活感到满意。独立宣言于1776年宣布，独立宣言所宣告的所有人生而平等，然而，在南方，同样在北方的早期，黑人被作为奴隶被他人所拥有。在他的葛斯底堡演说中，林肯描绘了这个即将重建的国家的新未来，他说：“相反，我们活着的人应该献身于那些曾在此作战的人们所英勇推动而尚未完成的工作。我们应该在此献身于我们面前所留存的伟大工作－－由于他们的光荣牺牲，我们要更坚定地致力于他们曾作最后全部贡献的那个事业－－我们在此立志誓愿，不能让他们白白死去－－要使这个国家在上帝庇佑之下，得到自由的新生。”

这一思想，即内战之后的“自由的新生”指引着新建的葛斯底堡战役博物馆和游客中心。该博物馆于4月14日在葛斯底堡国家军事公园对外开放。1865年4月14日，是林肯被暗杀的日子，此时，距南方邦联投降、内战结束也就是几天之后。林肯是被马里兰州的一名演员约翰.威尔克斯.布斯暗杀的。

葛斯底堡国家军事公园建于1895年(葛斯底堡战役后三十二年)。葛斯底堡是游客参观内战战场最多的地方，每年大约有来自全国和世界各地的二百多万游客到该公园参观。公园的管理部门说，新博物馆将使游客更好以士兵的眼光来观看这个战场，葛斯底堡的战场面积超过2400公顷。

游客能够在这个战场上找到1300多件户外雕塑，这些雕塑是纪念碑和纪念物，这些纪念碑和纪念物是由士兵组织和国家民兵制作安放在这个他们的军队曾在此作战的地方。

导游自愿者向游客介绍战场上每一个地方当时所发生的情况。有一名导游站在一个叫“Little Round Top”(小圆顶)的地方，他向游客讲述了在此发生的一场战斗，这场战斗的一方是由一位名叫丹尼尔.瑟科尔斯领导的北方联邦军，这位导游说：“他派遣一些缅因州的步兵和一些美国神枪手埋伏在那座塔的右边的树上，然后他们离开那去寻找部队，去寻找可能存在的危险，他们发现了敌人，他们与邦联军队展开战斗，但与他们战斗的不是那些正向这行进的军队，也不是由詹姆士.朗斯特里特率领的14000名士兵。”

在葛斯底堡新博物馆和游客中心的一角在今年九月之前将不会对外开放，这就是葛斯底堡战役全景画。这种艺术作品将游客全部包围在里面，使游客置身于整个战场之中，这幅全景画向游客展示了发生在葛斯底堡战役中最后一场战斗的情景：皮克特冲锋。乔治.皮克特是一位南方邦联军队的将军，在1863年7月3日，他向强大的北方联邦军发起了一次冲锋，这对南方邦联军队而言是一次灾难。这幅全景画长达114米。法国画家保罗.菲利普特奥科斯和有二十位艺术家组成的小组于1884年共同创作了这幅全景画。

全景画向来是游客到葛斯底堡参观最受欢迎的地方，但这幅全景画在历经漫长时间以后受到严重的损害，所以，全景画重修工程于2003年启动。艺术家们对这幅全景画进行清洗，并将其分裂成十四块，随后迁移到这个新的博物馆。在那，将最初的帆布缝在由中国生产的新布上。公园管理局的官员说，中国是世界上少数几个能够生产全景画所需尺寸的布的国家。每一块都挂起来，然后缝在一起。有一个来自波兰的全景画专家组自2007年以来一直在葛斯底堡从事这项工作。现在，艺术家们正在修补这幅全景画，使它看起来就像是新的一样。

葛斯底堡国家军事公园女发言人卡蒂.劳豪说，建造这个新博物馆和游客中心有四个目的：

卡蒂.劳豪：“第一是为了更好地保护该公园里的遗迹和文档，因为葛斯底堡是美国最大的收藏内战文物的地方。我们有几百万个条目，从士兵的日常用品和制服到战场的原始地图和在这个公墓中创建国家公园的文献。第二是为了更好的保护这里的全景画，第三是为游客改善游览条件。第四个目的，也是最后一个目的就是许多游客觉得原先的博物馆很不方便，那里的许多设施不足，没有可方便进出的轮椅。原先的博物馆存在着许多问题，但其中最严重的一个问题是原先的博物馆在北方联邦军队前线上修了建筑。那里有两幢建筑和两个停车场，而这里曾经是重大战斗的发生地。据我们所知，在有970多名士兵伤亡或被俘的地方却堆积着混泥士、沥青和砖。所以，这新博物馆距北方军队的前线三分之二里远，它不再靠近战斗前线，而且，新博物馆将允许我们完全清除旧有的建筑，把这里的战场恢复到当时的战斗情景中去。”

游客到达博物馆后，先观看一部二十二分钟的电影短片，这部电影叫< A New Birth of Freedom>(自由的新生)，它向游客提供了作为美国内战转折点的这次战争、战役及其影响的历史背景。博物馆围绕葛斯底堡演说设计了十一个艺术画廊。有一个画廊叫“现在，我们相会在内战中的一个著名的战场上”，它向游客介绍了葛斯底堡战役每一天所发生的战事。在另一个艺术画廊“勇敢的人”中，该艺术画廊向游客提供了该战役结束后所发生的一些情况，它还向游客讲述了这次战役对葛斯底堡镇的影响。博物馆里还有许多电脑，在电脑上，游客可以搜索有关这次战役的信息。

葛斯底堡新博物馆和游客中心是葛斯底堡基金会与国家公园管理局的一个合作项目。这个基金会是一个非赢利的教育组织，它为此筹集了一亿零七百万美元，使得这一项目成为可能。这个基金会计划拥有这个游客中心二十年，然后将此游客中心和土地赠予联邦政府。

该基金会的主席罗伯特.威尔伯恩说，葛斯底堡使人们永远铭记，美国在经历最严重的分裂之后重新作为一个国家团结在一起，他将葛斯底堡称之为美国存活之地。

简评：

林肯的葛斯底堡演说，不仅阐述了美国自由的新生，更重要的是，他阐述了一国之政府应该是“民有、民治、民享”的政府。他说“要使那民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失”。

民有、民治，民享，就如同我们所说的：一切为了人民、一切依靠人民，一切成果由人民共同享有。

也就是说，政府是人民的政府，它必须由人民选举产生，它必须受到人民的严格监督，任何有违人民的意愿都必须坚决地摒弃。

人民的政府必须一切为了人民，政府的公务人员就是人民的服务员，就是人民的公仆。既然是人民的公仆，就必须唯民意而行，不得违背民意。凡是违背民意的行为，都必须受到制止。

我们的改革开放、经济社会发展的一切成果必须由人民共享。任何政府公务人员借机掠夺这一成果，都必须受到最为严厉的制裁。

而要做到这一点，就必须对政府及其工作人员的一切行为进行最为严密的监督。

监督，就要监督到任何细微之处。作为政府的公务人员必须无条件受到人民的监督，在人民的监督下，没有什么秘密可言。监督不细可谓无监督。

人民要监督，政府的公务活动就必须全面的公开，政府的信息就真正必须透明。政府的活动只有在阳光下，人民才能够进行真正的监督。

制裁，必须严厉到杀一儆千儆万的地步，让任何一个政府的工作人员看到类似情景，发自内心再也不敢违法。制裁不严可谓无制裁。

而要做到这一点，我们的司法就必须真正地独立于行政部门，真正地依法执法，不得受制于外来的任何干涉。

'New Birth of Freedom' Guides New Museum of Gettysburg Battle 

This week on our program, we visit Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This small town in the Northeast is one of the most important places in American history.

Much of the area around Gettysburg still looks like it did in the eighteen sixties, during the Civil War. We arrive in the middle of farming country. All around are fields of wheat, corn and other crops. Cows chew on grass under a warm morning sun. Roads that pass through town lead to Baltimore, Washington and other cities. But one hundred forty-five years ago this week, they served another purpose. They brought two opposing armies to Gettysburg.

One was the United States Army of the Potomac, commanded by General George Gordon Meade. The other was the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia led by General Robert E. Lee. Lee and his troops had moved north into Pennsylvania from Virginia. There, they had won a series of battles. Now they were on the move to defeat Meade's army. Lee believed that a Southern victory on Northern soil would force a negotiated settlement of the war. This would mean independence for the Confederate states that were attempting to leave the Union.

The battle of Gettysburg began on July first, eighteen sixty-three. More than one hundred seventy thousand soldiers fought for three days. It was the largest battle ever fought in North America. When it ended on July third, more than fifty thousand soldiers were dead, wounded or missing. Many more would die later from their wounds. In the end, General Lee's army lost the battle. The Civil War would continue for two more years. But Confederate hopes for independence were never again as high as they had been at Gettysburg. 

Soon after the great battle, people began to visit Gettysburg to try to understand what happened there. One of those visitors, on November nineteenth, eighteen sixty-three, was President Abraham Lincoln. He was invited to help dedicate a cemetery for Union soldiers killed in the battle. Lincoln spoke for just two minutes. The speech began this way:  "Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." 

President Lincoln had never been satisfied with the reality of American life at that time. The Declaration of Independence in seventeen seventy-six had declared all men equal. Yet in the South, and earlier in the North as well, black men and women were held as slaves. In his address at Gettysburg, Lincoln described a new future for a nation that would be reunited. He said: "It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that for these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- " 

This idea, a new birth of freedom after the Civil War, guides the newly built Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center. It opened on April fourteenth at Gettysburg National Military Park. April fourteenth, eighteen sixty-five, was the day Lincoln was shot. He was killed by John Wilkes Booth, an actor from Maryland, just days after a Confederate surrender ended the war.

Gettysburg National Military Park was established in eighteen ninety-five, thirty-two years after the battle. Gettysburg is the most visited of the Civil War battlefields. Every year about two million people visit the park from around the country and the world. Park officials say the new museum will better prepare visitors to see the battlefield through the soldiers' eyes. The battlefield covers more than two thousand four hundred hectares.  

Visitors can find more than one thousand three hundred outdoor sculptures around the battlefield. These are monuments and memorials placed by soldiers' groups and state militias in areas where their troops fought.

Volunteer guides explain what happened in each area of the battlefield. A guide at the high ground called "Little Round Top" describes an action involving Union troops led by a general named Daniel Sickles.  GUIDE: "He sent some Maine infantry and some U.S. sharpshooters over there into the trees to the right of that tower. And they were out there looking for troops, for possible threats. They found 'em. They got into a fight with Confederate troops, but not the same ones who were going to be marching down here, not the fourteen thousand under a general named James Longstreet." 

One part of the new Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center will not open to the public until September: a complete cyclorama painting. This kind of artwork surrounds the people looking at it. The painting shows the final attack in the Battle of Gettysburg: Pickett's Charge. George Pickett was a Confederate general. On July third, eighteen sixty-three, he led a charge against stronger Union forces. It was a disaster for the Confederate soldiers. The painting is one hundred fourteen meters long. French painter Paul Philippoteaux and a team of twenty artists created it in eighteen eighty-four.  

The cyclorama has always been one of the most popular parts of the Gettysburg experience. But the painting was in bad shape after all these years. So a restoration project began in two thousand three. The painting was cleaned and separated into its fourteen parts, and later moved into the new center.  There, the original canvas was sewn onto new cloth made in China. Park service officials say China was one of the few countries able to produce cloth in the sizes needed. Then each part was hung and sewn together. A team of cyclorama experts from Poland has been working on the project in Gettysburg since two thousand seven. Artists are now repairing the painting to make it look almost like new.

Katie Lawhon, a spokeswoman for Gettysburg National Military Park, says the new museum and visitor center was built with four goals.

KATIE LAWHON: "One was to take better care of the artifacts and the archives of this park because Gettysburg has the largest publicly owned Civil War collection. We have over one million items, everything from soldiers' diaries and uniforms to original maps of the battlefield and the documentation of the creation of the national cemetery in the park.  The second goal is to take better care of the cyclorama painting. Number three was improve the museum experience for our visitors.  The fourth and final goal is one that a lot of people find very compelling, which is [that] our facilities were not big enough. They weren't wheelchair-accessible. We had a lot of problems with them. But one of the most serious problems we had with them is they were built on the Union army's battle line. Where we had two buildings and two parking lots there was major battle action and we know over nine hundred seventy soldiers were killed, wounded or captured where we had concrete asphalt and bricks. So this new building is two-thirds of a mile away and it's close to but not on the battle line. And it's going to allow us this fall to take out the old buildings and bring the battlefield back to the way it looked at the time of the fighting."   

Visits to the museum begin with a twenty-two minute film called "A New Birth of Freedom." It provides historic background for the war, the battle and its effects as a turning point in the Civil War. The museum has eleven galleries designed around the words of the Gettysburg Address. One gallery is called "Now We Are Met on a Great Battlefield of That War." It explores what happened on each day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Another gallery, "The Brave Men Living and Dead," presents information about what happened after the fighting ended. It also tells about the effects of the battle on the town of Gettysburg. The museum also has computers where visitors can research information about the battle. 

The new Gettysburg Museum and Visitor Center is a joint project of the Gettysburg Foundation and the National Park Service. The foundation, a nonprofit educational group, raised the one hundred seven million dollars that made it possible. The foundation plans to own the center for twenty years, then donate the building and the land to the federal government.

The president of the foundation, Robert Wilburn, says Gettysburg is a reminder that Americans can come together as a nation even after the most divisive of conflicts. He calls it the place where America was saved.

http://www.wwenglish.com/m07/voa/spec/2008/06/wwenglish.com_tia080630.mp3